The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) issues all currency notes in India on behalf of the central government. The Indian rupee is accepted everywhere in the country as a medium of exchange. In economics, a local currency is a currency not backed by a national government and intended to trade only in a small area. Opponents of this concept argue that local currency creates a barrier that can interfere with economies of scale and comparative advantage and that in some cases they can serve as a means of tax evasion.
In summary, modern money generally refers to fiat currency and bank money, with electronic money becoming increasingly popular. Commodity and representative money mainly have historical significance now. In earlier times, people used coins made of precious metals such as gold, silver and copper for the exchange of goods and services to satisfy their needs. Money plays an important role as a medium of exchange in facilitating economic transactions and promoting efficiency in the economy. Its universal acceptance and convenience make it indispensable in modern economic systems.
Chapter 1: Introduction
Is an apex institution in the banking and financial structure of a country. It plays a leading role in controlling, regulating, supervising and developing the banking and financial structure of the economy. Any person who has an account with the bank can make his payments through cheques. A cheque is a paper instructing the bank to pay a specific amount from the person’s account to the person in whose name the cheque has been made. Popular in developing countries, mobile money platforms enable financial inclusion by allowing people to send and receive money using their mobile phones without needing a traditional bank account. E-money refers to funds stored in electronic systems like mobile wallets or prepaid cards.
- Payments can also be made through cheques, which are written instructions to transfer money from one account to another.
- These are small groups of 15–20 members from the same community who save money regularly and give loans to each other when needed.
- Students learn about credit—its advantages and risks, as well as the difference between formal and informal sources of credit.
- A currencya is a standardization of money in any form, in use or circulation as a medium of exchange, for example banknotes and coins.
- The main idea of Money and Credit Class 10 is to explain how money makes trade and exchange easier in an economy and how credit (loans) helps people meet their financial needs.
Role of Reserve Bank of India (RBI):
One of those basics is knowing the different types of money that drive the global economy. From physical bills to digital assets, these forms of money affect how we save, invest, and exchange currency across borders An exchange rate is a price at which two currencies can be exchanged against each other. In the former, day-to-day movements in exchange rates are determined by the market; in the latter, governments intervene in the market to buy or sell their currency to balance supply and demand at a static exchange rate. A banknote or a bill is a type of currency and it is commonly used as legal tender in many jurisdictions.
Two Different Credit Situations
- Double coincidence of wants refers to the scenario where two parties simultaneously possess goods or services desired by each other for a direct exchange to occur.
- Then came the metallic coins – gold, silver and copper coins – a phase that continued well into the last century.
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- The maintainability of international balance of payments is the main performance of reasonable economic structure.
It also teaches the difference between formal and informal sources of credit, and the role of banks and the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in regulating money and credit. In ancient India, people used grains, animals, and metals like gold, silver, and copper as money. Today, both currency and bank deposits form the basis of the modern monetary system. The Class 10th Money and Credit Notes describe modern forms of money like currency (paper notes and coins) and bank deposits. Digital payments and online banking are also part of modern money systems. At around the same time in the medieval Islamic world, a vigorous monetary economy was created during the 7th–12th centuries on the basis of the expanding levels of circulation of a stable high-value currency (the dinar).
Chapter 5: Government Budget and the Economy
These are supervised by the Reserve Bank of India, which ensures fair interest rates and proper lending practices. People keep their money in bank accounts for safety and to earn interest. Banks accept deposits and allow people to withdraw money when needed. Deposits that can be withdrawn anytime are called demand deposits. Payments can also be made through cheques, which are written instructions to transfer money from one account to another.
The loans taken from moneylenders, traders, employers, relatives & friends, etc. are called informal sector loans. In the informal sector, no organization is there to supervise the credit activities of lenders. There is no one to prevent them from using unfair means to get their money back. However, informal loans charge very high interest rates, often leading to poverty and debt. Expanding formal credit through SHGs and rural banks can solve this problem.
Gold coins were the most valuable and were used for large purchases, payment of the military, and backing of state activities. Units of account were often defined as the value of a particular type of gold coin. Silver coins were used for midsized transactions, and sometimes also defined a unit of account, while coins of copper or silver, or some mixture of them (see debasement), might be used for everyday transactions. This system had been used in ancient India since the time of the Mahajanapadas.
The parallel use of both metals is called bimetallism, and the attempt to create a bimetallic standard where both gold and silver backed currency remained in circulation occupied the efforts of inflationists. Governments at this point could use currency as an instrument of policy, printing paper currency such as the United States greenback, to pay for military expenditures. They could also set the terms at which they would redeem notes for specie, by limiting the amount of purchase, or the minimum amount that could be redeemed.
In addition, the law legitimizes the utilization of a rupee as a mechanism of installment that can’t be denied in that frame of mind in India. No person in India can lawfully deny an installment made in rupees. Consequently, the rupee is broadly acknowledged as a mode of trade.
Modern currencies
Therefore, to maintain the level of exchange rate, a proper exchange rate regime is crucial. According to the three aspects of trade in goods and services, capital flows and national policies, the supply-demand relationship of different currencies determines the exchange ratio between currencies. In cases where a country has control of its own currency, that control is exercised either by a central bank or by a Ministry of Finance.
These modern forms of money offer convenience, accessibility, and efficiency in financial transactions, reflecting the evolving nature of monetary systems in the digital age. Delve into the intricacies of monetary systems, explore the role of credit in the economy, and understand the mechanisms of banking and financial institutions. Our meticulously prepared notes provide concise explanations, illustrative examples, and insightful analysis to deepen your understanding of this crucial subject. With a clear focus on exam preparation and academic excellence, our PDF notes offer a structured approach to learning, helping you grasp complex concepts with ease. In India, the Reserve Bank of India issues cash notes in the interest of the local government. According to Indian regulation, no other individual or association is what are the modern forms of money permitted to give money.
Also known as demand deposits, bank money is the digital record of your money held in a bank. It’s the most commonly used form of money today and is easily transferable. A cheque is a paper teaching the bank to pay a particular sum from the individual’s record to the individual in whose name the cheque has been made. Consequently, we see that request stores share the fundamental elements of cash.